The biological theory has to do with his findings that individual differences in personality are biology based. This was based on his theory that there are three dimensions of personality super factors . These dimensions of personality were extraversion-introversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism. To check his work by using cross-cultural studies that produced much the same conclusion. Hans also went a step farther in pointing out the results of many studies indicating that genetics play an important role in deciding the amounts of which of the three personality dimensions one might possess. There are many pro s and con s to this theory but most psychologist will admit that it is getting increasingly harder to ignore the obvious link between our evolutionary history and our genetic makeup. There are some weaknesses to this theory. There is criticism that several of the ideas can t be tested in actual experiments. The psychologists are prone to use reasonable deduction in many instances, which may not give an accurate assessment. For example several types on direct manipulation would be illegal to perform which makes demonstrations of cause and effects difficult. There are other concerns over the research on temperament. There doesn t seem to be an agreement on the number of dimensions. In the EAS temperament model there are three dimensions identified, but there are several other models in use that describe additional dimensions. This creates a problem for psychologists and students alike in confirming which is the correct model. Lastly this theory offers us very little in the area of personality change.

In humanistic theory, the motivation for developing one’s full learning potential is inherent in each of us. Although there is no real definition for the humanistic theory the four primary humanistic categories are personal responsibility, the here and now, the phenomenology of the individual, and personal growth.

This theory is unlike the biological theory in which we are creatures without control over our personalities in that it believes that all of us are born with the ability to shape our own futures and are limited only by our physical limitations. The here and now is just exactly what it sounds like. It reminds us that we should live for the present and not get caught up in the past. This has the tendency to limit what we may become and leave us short of our personal goals and or objectives. The Phenomenology of the individual deals with the concept that no one knows you as an individual better than you. It is ludicrous to think that some doctor could have any clue as to what to advise after only hearing your problem a few moments earlier. This could mean that we need to communicate our problems to someone from time to time, but one will eventually come to his or her own conclusion after careful reflection. The last category is Personal Growth. This process has to do with becoming a fully functioning individual achieving personal satisfaction. All of us strive to meet our immediate needs. This process states that once our immediate needs are met if left alone we continue to strive toward this ultimate satisfying state of being.

The problem with this theory is that much of it can t be tested in a scientific atmosphere. A large portion of this theory relies on the concept of free will. It isn t observable or predictable so how can it be testable. The other problem with this theory is that it is loosely defined terms like self-actualization and full functioning. Many researchers feel that we need more information on these terms before they can be clearly defined.

In conclusion I feel that both these theories possess credibility, but personally I think that I would take certain aspects from both theories to create something of a collage theory. I can t believe that we have no control over our personalities but at the same time I can see some genetic predisposition in our personalities.

References

Eysenck, H.J. 1995 . Genius: The natural history of creativity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Eysenck, H.J. 1997 . Rebel with a cause: The autobiography of Hans Eysenck. Revised and expanded edition. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Guilford, J.P. 1967 . The nature of human intelligence. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Hendrickson, A.E. 1982 . The biological basis of intelligence, Part I: Theory. In H.J. Eysenck Ed. , A model for intelligence pp. 151-196 . Berlin: Springer.

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‘The precise definition of personality has been a point of discussion amongst many different theorists within many different disciplines since the beginning of civilization. Personality can be defined as “the distinctive and characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior that define an individual’s personal style and influence his or her interactions with the environment” extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability and culture. I chose the factor model of Neuroticism, which, on the high scores includes a tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily, such as anger, anxiety, depression, or vulnerability; sometimes called emotional instability. Jacob in the Book of Genesis exhibits this trait quite well, whereas Esau would score low on Neuroticism and high on extraversion.

When dealing with is brother Esau, he would always appear to be jealous of him. Esau was the older brother to Jacob after the Lord said to Rebekah, “two nations are in your womb, and two peoples within you shall be divided; the one shall be stronger than the other, the older shall serve the younger” Genesis 25:23.  Esau was always the skilled one where Jacob had the high ego. One day, Esau came in from the field hungry and Jacob was cooking dinner. When Esau asked for something to eat, Jacob demanded his birthright, Genesis 25:29.

Throughout this chapter of Genesis, Jacob’s nature is shown to be Neuroticism. His neuroticism was shown even as an adult. In Genesis 29, Jacob met Rachel and fell in love with her from the moment he set is eyes on her. Rachel had an older sister Leah. “Leah’s eye’s were weak, but Rachel was beautiful in form and appearance” Genesis 29:17. Jacob worked for Laban, Rachel’s father for seven years. After the seven years, Jacob wanted to marry Rachel. On that day, Laban brought Leah to Jacob and his emotions was getting the best of him.

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The precise definition of personality has been a point of discussion amongst many different theorists within many different disciplines since the beginning of civilization. Personality can be defined as “the distinctive and characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior that define an individual’s personal style and influence his or her interactions with the environment” extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability and culture. Costa and McCrae’s 5-Factor Model of Personality include: Extraversion, Neuroticism, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. I chose the factor model of Agreeableness, which, on the high scores includes softhearted, trusting, generous, acquiescent, lenient and good-natured and the person I believe that fits this description is Boaz.

In his dealings with other people, he was always sensitive to their needs; he was always kind to his workers, relatives and others that he encountered. Ruth 2:20 states that, “He has not stopped showing his kindness to the living and the dead.” As Boaz came out to inspect his fields, he called to the harvesters, “The Lord be with you!” To Ruth, he answered in Ruth 3:11,”And now, my daughter, don’t be afraid, I will do for you all you ask.” And in Ruth 4:10, Boaz states, “I have also acquired Ruth the Moabitess, Mahlon’s widow, as my wife, in order to maintain the name of the dead with his property, so that his name will not disappear from among his family…”

All throughout the book of Ruth, Boaz’s nature is shown to be Agreeableness. He was a soft-hearted, warm person, who genuinely cared for people from the heart. On the opposite end of the pole, Manasseh is very weak in these areas. He was ruthless and considered the worst king in the Southern Kingdom and as a result of his acts, the Southern Kingdom would go into exile. Throughout the books of Kings and Chronicles, he is seen to having false worship, set up idols and many other serious acts that are detrimental to the Kingdom that God gave him to rule for Him. He also used his own children for sacrifice to pagan gods! Totally ruthless! 2 Chronicles 33:2 “He did evil in the eyes of the Lord”, 33:6 “He sacrificed his sons in the fire in the Valley of Ben Hinnom..He did much evil in the eyes of the Lord, provoking Him to anger”, and 33:9, “But Manasseh led Judah and the people of Jerusalem astray, so that they did more evil than the nations the Lord had destroyed before the Israelites. Manasseh definitely scored low on agreeableness.

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The way I see love, is according to the way I feel and according to my MBTI results is that I love truly from the heart, mostly philia and agape love. When I love someone, it is with everything that I have and I ask nothing in return. When I give or do for someone, I do not have any ulterior motives, or do it because they have done something for me-I do it because I love them and want to do. I have a close inner circle as my profile shows of people that I care about and I care about them very much, expressing the form of philia love. I am not a “worldly” person. I do not enjoy relationships with a lot of people or being a “social” person. I have agape love for my family.

As far as the sex form of love-I guess I have never experienced that-I’ve only experienced the eros form of that kind of love. I have to be totally in love with someone for that to happen and that has been my husband. My profile states that I have the capacity for caring not always found in other types and they care deeply, passionately about a few special persons and their fervent aim is to bring peace and integrity to their loved ones and the world. That is the only way I know how to love really. I love with everything that I have and that’s how I think everyone should love.

References
Feist, J., & Feist, G. J. (2006). Theories of Personality. New York: McGraw-Hill.

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The self system is also especially interesting and is defined as a consistent pattern of behaviors that maintains people interpersonal security by protecting them from anxiety.  Sullivan contends that as we grow we continually build a self image of ourselves.  I wonder how close are our self images to the image God has for us?  He sees our ‘position’ not our ‘condition’  and I thank Him for that.  We can become so involved with the creation and maintenance of an air tight self system that we become guilty of a prideful heart.  Not wanting any one to ever see your humanness, the very humanness God gave us in the first place.  Proverbs 8:13 tells us “to fear the Lord is to hate evil; I hate pride and arrogance, evil behaviors and perverse speach.  and finally Proverbs 16:18 tells us that “pride goeth before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall”.  God made us all with the same dirt and breathed into us His same sweet holy spirit.  Of course we have our humanness to contend with on a daily basis and who knows better than Jesus the temptations we face.  Each day we just have to remember to thank Him for what He’s done and ask Him for our forgiveness when we fall.

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Proverbs 3:3 reminds us to show tenderness with others: “Let love and faithfulness never leave you; bind them around your neck, write them on the tablet of your heart.” It is interesting to see the connection between this verse and Sullivan’s theory on needs. Sullivan held that needs result in productive actions in our relationships. Love and faithfulness are productive and they can bring about loyalty and responsibility toward others. And love and faithfulness involve actions (not just mere words) on our part when dealing with others. “Good understanding wins favor but the way of the unfaithful is hard,” Proverbs 13:15.

Anxiety and strife can bring about disharmony in our relationships with others. Proverbs 12:25 tells us: “An anxious heart weighs a man down, but a kind word cheers him up.” Anxiety tears us down and creates barriers between people. Sullivan held that anxiety has a harmful effect in our relationships with others. The Bible is clear that there is no room for strife or anxiety in our lives. “He who loves a quarrel loves sin; he who builds a high gate invites destruction,” Proverbs 17:19.

Anxiety and fear feed off of each other and can distort what your true needs are. We will always have a fear of something, such as spiders. However, if you trust in the Lord with all of your heart, you will conquer that fear and enable you to do just about anything you set your mind to.

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Adler states that safe guarding strategies are generally used by people who are self-centered and lack social interest.  They have low self-esteem and protect the little they have with these safe guarding strategies.  They can be conscious or unconscious and work to shield them from outside threats and problems of life.  All human beings are important because we are all God’s creatures and we are created in his image.   Therefore, God does not want us to live with any safe guarding tendencies.

Proverbs 3:5-6 says “Trust in the Lord with all your heart, and lean not on your own understanding; in all your ways acknowledge him, and he shall direct your paths.”

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According to Adler, we develop these safeguarding tendencies as a protection against anxiety. But God says don’t worry. Phillipians 4:6-7 “Do not be anxious about anything, but in everything, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. And the peace of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus.”

Finally, Adler held that these safeguarding tendencies are largely conscious. I agree with Adler to an extent. Even though we may develop habits which cause us to deal with the world without really thinking about our choices, we still consciously choose whether to serve God in that moment or satan. Adler believed that we choose to react. But God wants us to be proactive not reactive. When we “react” to situations, often times we sin and it results in more anxiety– the very thing we are trying to defend ourselves against. “Prepare your minds for action. . . .” the Bible says in 1 Pet. 1:13. We should respond the way God commands. Also, when we choose, we should choose to be more like Jesus. God has given us a free will to choose between good and evil. Joshua 24:15 says “choose for yourselves this day whom you will serve…”

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First of all, according to Genesis 1:27, “God created man in His own image, in the image of God He created him” (Life Application Study Bible, 2000) and none of these safeguarding tendencies are Christ-like qualities. Secondly, every believer is accountable for their actions, and as Romans 14:10 and 12 state respectively, “Why do you judge your brother? Or why do you look down on your brother? For we will all stand before God’s judgment seat” and “So then, each of us will give an account of himself to God” (Life Application Study Bible, 2000). So, this Scripture then dispels ungodly actions such as depreciation, excusing away one’s actions and judgment and blame.

The most beautiful Scripture of all and one that covers every safeguarding tendency is 1 Corinthians 13:4-8. It states:

Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres. Love never fails.

If every believer loved one another according to this, there is no room for safeguarding tendencies toward each other.

Most of all, if everyone held to God’s Perfect Word and His Promises, and pressed toward the goal, there would be no need for anyone to have fear, doubt, depression, withdrawal from the problems of life or be filled with anything that Satan is trying to use to destroy God’s children. “He is a shield for all who take refuge in Him” and “Forgetting what is behind and straining toward what is ahead, I press on toward the goal to win the prize for which God has called me heavenward in Christ Jesus” (Life Application Study Bible, 2000), come from Psalm 18:30b and Philippians 3:13b-14, respectively and those are two of God’s Promises on which we can most assuredly stand.

References
Feist, J., & Feist, G. J. (2006). Theories of Personality. New York: McGraw-Hill. 

Life Application Study Bible. (2000). Grand Rapids: Zondervan.

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According to Eric Fromm’s theory on human needs, people are motivated by five distinctively human needs – relatedness, transcendence, rootedness, a sense of identity, and a frame of orientation. These needs are aimed at moving people toward a reunion with the natural world. Lack of satisfaction of any of these needs is unbearable and results in insanity. He believed that only love produces authentic fulfillment. He also held that only creativeness permits joy. Only a rational philosophy can serve as a basis for the growth of total personality.

The vacuum in our hearts cannot be filled by any physical thing or human being. Rather, our “needs” can only be filled with a true relationship with Jesus Christ. The solution is a relationship with Him, not any other person, place, or thing on this earth. John 6:35-36: “Jesus said to them, “I am the Bread of Life. He who comes to Me will never be hungry. He who puts his trust in Me will never be thirsty. I said to you that you have seen Me and yet you do not put your trust in Me.”

The longing for relationship that is in each of us drives us to do almost anything in order to have a meaningful relationship or purpose in our lives. We might try to find our needs met in another human being by getting married. Some of us might become workaholics, and get too absorbed, sometimes lost, in our careers. Sadly, others will experiment with drugs or alcohol in a misguided attempt to fill those aching needs. God knows what is best for us. Jeremiah 29:11-13: “For I know the plans I have for you,” declares the Lord, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future. Then you will call upon me and come and pray to me, and I will listen to you. You will seek me and find me when you seek me with all your heart.”

Don’t be misled. The temporal things of this earth that Fromm says will truly satisfy us and complete our human needs are only temporary. They do not last. Trying to find meaning or purpose in other flawed human beings, imperfect jobs, or addictions only lead to disappointment. Only God and His love are permanent. Romans 8:38-39 reminds us: “For I am persuaded, that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers, nor things present, nor things to come, Nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature, shall be able to separate us from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord.”

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